Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
ethereum crane bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin майнить auto bitcoin network bitcoin ethereum fork monero bitcointalk bitcoin knots
forum ethereum
bitcoin poker bitcoin valet ethereum получить bitcoin shop bitcoin elena bitcoin satoshi
bitcoin mmgp tor bitcoin jaxx bitcoin tether coin ethereum rub продам bitcoin
cryptocurrency charts bitcoin adress
prune bitcoin swiss bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin putin bitcoin bitcoin обменники пулы bitcoin bitcoin land goldmine bitcoin trade bitcoin clicker bitcoin Nakamoto’s solution to this question can be broken down into three parts:monero usd MEW is a free, open-source, client-side interface that allows you to create an Ethereum wallet. Unlike some other web wallets, MEW gives you control of your private key. It is quite secure and allows you to store other ERC-20 tokens in there too.ethereum картинки bitcoin cache up bitcoin Canada was one of the first countries to draw up what could be considered 'bitcoin legislation.' In 2014, the Governor General of Canada passed Bill C-31 in 2014, which designated 'virtual currency businesses' as 'money service businesses,' compelling them to comply with anti-money laundering and know-your-client requirements. The law is pending issuance of subsidiary regulations.monero майнер store bitcoin forbot bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin tm падение bitcoin
пирамида bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin changer bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin cli bitcoin hash фри bitcoin bitcoin анимация mainer bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin easy ethereum info bitcoin информация tether майнинг bitcoin хешрейт laundering bitcoin all cryptocurrency code bitcoin
bitcoin ethereum ethereum видеокарты bitcoin png tokens ethereum bitcoin google магазин bitcoin monero fr bitcoin buying monero 1070 cnbc bitcoin avalon bitcoin bitcoin suisse blockchain ethereum bitcoin выиграть bitcoin market 6000 bitcoin bitcoin магазины
ico ethereum bitcoin ru
bitcoin монеты Part of this section is transcluded from Fork (blockchain). (edit | history)bitcoin group
bitcoin конференция bitcoin cryptocurrency казино ethereum пожертвование bitcoin tx bitcoin
bitcoin перевести difficulty bitcoin bitcoin flapper store bitcoin ethereum torrent ethereum org
nvidia monero
monero fr bitcoin lurk forbot bitcoin bitcoin реклама bitcoin knots logo ethereum bitcoin play дешевеет bitcoin kraken bitcoin ethereum акции bitcoin blocks iobit bitcoin сложность ethereum kong bitcoin asics bitcoin invest bitcoin php bitcoin bitcoin crash bitcoin torrent alipay bitcoin сборщик bitcoin forum bitcoin Let’s compare decentralized applications with traditional applications. When you log in to Twitter, for example, a web application gets displayed that is rendered using HTML. The page will call an API to access your data (your information), which is centrally hosted. It’s a simple process: your front end executes the backend API, and the API goes and fetches your data from a centralized database.ethereum russia валюта monero bitcoin uk unconfirmed monero bitcoin elena bitcoin перевод играть bitcoin bitcoin пицца bitcoin sec bitcoin bow bitcoin терминал скрипты bitcoin ico bitcoin js bitcoin
mixer bitcoin api bitcoin bitcoin statistic
jax bitcoin работа bitcoin ethereum форки mineable cryptocurrency bitcoin google bitcoin skrill шрифт bitcoin
альпари bitcoin ethereum metropolis bitcoin часы bitcoin nachrichten dance bitcoin
bitcoin миксер coinder bitcoin ethereum game bitcoin капитализация мастернода bitcoin monero spelunker my bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin hashrate bitcoin tx bitcoin linux bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin abc
bitcoin org транзакции bitcoin pro100business bitcoin bitcoin capital panda bitcoin roll bitcoin bitcoin brokers bitcoin strategy приват24 bitcoin json bitcoin эфир ethereum bitcoin приват24
webmoney bitcoin bitcoin войти start bitcoin майнинг monero bitcoin wm платформ ethereum bitcoin сбербанк ethereum mine faucet cryptocurrency raspberry bitcoin bitcoin pizza bitcoin новости cryptocurrency top сложность bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin home cfd bitcoin bitcoin china ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin easy birds bitcoin bitcoin 2010 accepts bitcoin topfan bitcoin bitcoin cny 1070 ethereum bitcoin abc
купить bitcoin bitcoin yandex bitcoin валюты
bitcoin maker bitcoin metal yota tether cryptocurrency tech платформ ethereum
network bitcoin 2016 bitcoin iphone bitcoin капитализация ethereum сбор bitcoin free bitcoin
bitcoin автоматически ethereum mist ethereum io
bitcoin earn paidbooks bitcoin rus bitcoin
magic bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin bitcoin nedir сбербанк bitcoin
видеокарты bitcoin создатель ethereum верификация tether bitcoin clouding bitcoin roll ethereum прогноз hacker bitcoin bitcoin api fx bitcoin bitcoin project lucky bitcoin ann monero service bitcoin bitcoin ishlash bitcoin etf cgminer ethereum bitcoin оборот bitcoin ios
amazon bitcoin bitcoin миксеры bitcoin x tinkoff bitcoin ethereum mining криптовалюту monero casinos bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage ethereum проблемы bitcoin доходность alpha bitcoin ethereum mist bitcoin анимация film bitcoin ethereum stats multiply bitcoin bitcoin trading lamborghini bitcoin
ethereum stats lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin click график monero mixer bitcoin reklama bitcoin Ethereum also differs by serving as a building platform for dApps/smart contracts, which allow it to send tokens that represent values. These values can be things other than digital currencies, making it different from Bitcoin.ethereum ubuntu bitcoin png mine ethereum bitcoin pos bitcoin suisse bitcoin plugin команды bitcoin график bitcoin bcc bitcoin кредиты bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin de cardano cryptocurrency doge bitcoin bitcoin roll testnet bitcoin tether верификация эпоха ethereum bitcoin порт bitcoin tor difficulty monero bitcoin genesis bitcoin conveyor ethereum фото продам ethereum bitcoin приложения bitcoin clouding ethereum транзакции
bitcoin fasttech
carding bitcoin
casascius bitcoin
bitcoin protocol rise cryptocurrency weather bitcoin bitcoin 2017 рулетка bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin ключи
использование bitcoin ccminer monero
bitcoinwisdom ethereum accepts bitcoin bitcoin fan monero xeon matrix bitcoin
monero hardware bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin main
bitcoin slots bitcoin daily bitcoin red chvrches tether monero miner bounty bitcoin is bitcoin legal bitcoin bitcoin рбк рубли bitcoin roulette bitcoin курс tether
история ethereum депозит bitcoin lootool bitcoin
auction bitcoin logo ethereum habr bitcoin putin bitcoin bitcoin математика
500000 bitcoin bitcointalk monero On-Chain Governancebitcoin iq бот bitcoin bitcoin database
flypool ethereum ethereum история cz bitcoin ava bitcoin
monero майнер bitcoin node cryptocurrency prices q bitcoin 2016 bitcoin пицца bitcoin Bitcoin vs. Bitcoin Cash: An Overviewbitcoin настройка bitcoin carding блок bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin rpc bitcoin даром bitcoin skrill monero пул калькулятор monero purchase bitcoin plus bitcoin bitcoin mail полевые bitcoin bitcoin source зарегистрироваться bitcoin forum ethereum
робот bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin 99 алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin donate bitcoin прогнозы options bitcoin bitcoin перевод ethereum хардфорк alpari bitcoin bitcoin markets bitcoin freebie
bitcoin account ethereum faucets биржи monero bitcoin видеокарты icon bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin ira использование bitcoin bitcoin scam bitcoin greenaddress криптовалюты ethereum кошелька bitcoin bitcoin poker monero биржи ethereum стоимость bitcoin комментарии bitcoin instaforex polkadot cadaver hardware bitcoin monero краны bitcoin компьютер bitcoin сайт ethereum classic bitcoin будущее криптовалюта ethereum donate bitcoin кошелек tether daemon monero bitcoin onecoin bitcoin сбербанк рубли bitcoin boxbit bitcoin bitcoin cny difficulty ethereum bitcoin redex monero 1070 monero bitcointalk конвертер bitcoin On bitcoin: 'It’s probably rat poison squared'cryptocurrency price monero калькулятор hack bitcoin
ubuntu ethereum monero usd 6000 bitcoin bitcoin formula ropsten ethereum доходность bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin crash
it bitcoin This is how important blockchain technology is for the financial industry. By using the blockchain, financial services can now be provided to those that currently do not have them. That’s over 2 billion people!вывод ethereum теханализ bitcoin space bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin scripting polkadot блог bitcoin блог пулы monero genesis bitcoin
nubits cryptocurrency
777 bitcoin linux bitcoin
bitcoin вложить bitcoin получение ethereum news Desktop WalletsGraphic of ETH glyph with a kaleidoscope of catsGraphic of ETH glyph with a kaleidoscope of catsIn the physical world, the most reliable stores of value become the currencies of choice in event of a crisis. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Zimbabwe became synonymous with hyperinflation. When inflation reached 89.7 *****tillion percent (give or take a few points) and rendered the Zimbabwean dollar worthless, that wiped out the fortunes of many people unfortunate enough to have held liquid assets. People had no choice but to use something more stable – primarily the U.S. dollar and South African rand – for daily commerce. Litecoin’s inherent scarcity makes hyperinflation impossible, but there’s still the challenge of garnering general acceptance and getting more people to use the currency.аккаунт bitcoin doubler bitcoin кран ethereum Can’t do that with gold due to physical constraints, or dollars due to legal constraintsbitcoin lucky geth ethereum
bitcoin tor tether limited flypool ethereum ethereum dag Bitcoin’s incentive system allows the best of both worlds. Like an open allocation project, it can harness a large group of contributors without deadlock and balkanization. Contributors get the benefit of working on a meaningful project, without incurring unwanted technical debt.collector bitcoin maps bitcoin magic bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin map bitcoin btc зарегистрироваться bitcoin видео bitcoin ropsten ethereum get bitcoin ava bitcoin bitcoin bow ethereum contracts
bitcoin credit topfan bitcoin bitcoin flapper автомат bitcoin ethereum miners 1 ethereum bitcoin betting bitcoin форекс difficulty bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin рублей bitcoin фарминг home bitcoin
bitcoin checker ethereum contract auto bitcoin bitcoin redex динамика ethereum подтверждение bitcoin apk tether bitcoin foundation
bitcoin математика vpn bitcoin bitcoin me алгоритм bitcoin
bitcoin facebook ethereum course проверка bitcoin
ethereum купить bitcoin purse bitcoin сбор bitmakler ethereum стоимость bitcoin spin bitcoin monero address терминал bitcoin flappy bitcoin ethereum wiki bitcoin conveyor bitcoin converter bitcoin purchase
flex bitcoin monero windows monero вывод bitcoin signals
платформ ethereum
Polkadot’s core component is its relay chain that allows the interoperability of varying networks. It also allows for 'parachains,' or parallel blockchains with their own native tokens for specific use cases. 000009ff7ff1fc53b92dc18148a1d65dfc2d4b1fa3d677284addd200126d9069ethereum заработать Bitcoin Core is, perhaps, the best known implementation or client. Alternative clients (forks of Bitcoin Core) exist, such as Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Unlimited, and Parity Bitcoin.bitcoin nedir p2pool monero ethereum обмен fake bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin register bitcoin traffic перевод bitcoin блоки bitcoin monero address aliexpress bitcoin monero algorithm ethereum habrahabr
bitcoin vip часы bitcoin кредит bitcoin bitcoin сатоши bitcoin advcash bitcoin цены qtminer ethereum get bitcoin tether 4pda
local bitcoin bitcoin официальный инвестиции bitcoin *****a bitcoin bitcoin legal bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin фермы bitcoin doubler калькулятор ethereum ethereum доходность script bitcoin bitcoin x2
bitcoin swiss bitcoin information bitcoin кликер
future bitcoin 2016 bitcoin ethereum история bitcoin биржи bitcoin авито
bitcoin daily games bitcoin bitcoin пулы Influential figures in the community (such as developers, politicians or investors) may try to use their influence to convince people to download and run modified full node software which changes bitcoin's properties in illegitimate ways. This is unlikely to succeed as long as counterarguments can freely spread through the media, internet forums and chatrooms. Many bitcoin users do not follow the bitcoin forums on a regular basis or even speak English. All appeals to run alternative software should be looked at critically for whether the individual agrees with the changes being proposed. Full node software should always be open source so any programmer can examine the changes for themselves. Because of the co-ordination problem, there is usually a strong incentive to stick with the status quo.etoro bitcoin monero algorithm monero кран blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin баланс bitcoin ethereum zcash bitcoin bitcoin today bitcoin easy пополнить bitcoin takara bitcoin rbc bitcoin пицца bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin tools ethereum криптовалюта ethereum fork
ethereum blockchain bitcoin магазин tails bitcoin bitcoin zone bitcoin dynamics simplewallet monero usd bitcoin monero logo tether addon ava bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin client ethereum компиляция bitcoin добыча monero bitcoin 1000 bitcoin банкнота bitcoin run ethereum продать bitcoin surf captcha bitcoin
bitcoin space people bitcoin client ethereum tracker bitcoin ферма bitcoin bitcoin coin
bitcoin crash bitcoin masternode wechat bitcoin bitcoin loto
bitcoin yen bitcoin авито ethereum хардфорк usb bitcoin ethereum получить ava bitcoin testnet ethereum ethereum цена курс tether дешевеет bitcoin поиск bitcoin bitcoin loan chain bitcoin bitcoin alert bitcoin развод bitcoin official bitcoin rt
bitcoin in bitcoin location bitcoin комиссия monero minergate bitcoin сервера bitcoin casinos
paypal bitcoin bitcoin flapper bitcoin china
fields bitcoin monero купить puzzle bitcoin
конвертер monero tether clockworkmod порт bitcoin tether валюта fpga ethereum bitcoin динамика bitcoin buy bitcoin suisse ethereum code карты bitcoin bitcoin fund monero gui monero пул win bitcoin ethereum биткоин ethereum ротаторы monero новости get bitcoin webmoney bitcoin asrock bitcoin ethereum монета blockchain bitcoin bitcoin create bitcoin виджет supernova ethereum ethereum core
bitcoin аналитика краны monero
знак bitcoin usdt tether ethereum web3 loco bitcoin satoshi bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение ethereum plasma bitcoin расшифровка moon bitcoin
dark bitcoin bitcoin valet куплю ethereum bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency chart bitcoin etherium bitcoin eth forex bitcoin bitcoin database blocks bitcoin
ethereum news регистрация bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin котировки nodes bitcoin bitcoin блог отдам bitcoin ethereum client бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin wordpress
monero dwarfpool
ethereum stats vk bitcoin bitcoin информация bitcoin генераторы блог bitcoin bitcoin минфин
buying bitcoin ultimate bitcoin golden bitcoin p2pool bitcoin bitcoin win hd bitcoin bitcoin игры
bitcoin seed bitcoin украина
bitcoin талк asics bitcoin Developer(s)Litecoin Core Development Teambitcoin loan bitcoin фарм titan bitcoin zcash bitcoin life bitcoin tether курс ethereum mist ethereum кошелька майнинга bitcoin акции bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin goldmine cryptocurrency prices se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin халява locate bitcoin депозит bitcoin global bitcoin x2 bitcoin The phrase ‘garbage in, garbage out’ holds true in a blockchain system of record, just as with a centralized database.ethereum пул bitcoin alliance bitcoin картинка bitcoin форки 10 bitcoin развод bitcoin Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.Provide third party: Similar to how a software library works, smart contracts can work with other smart contracts in a chain.Mining is also the mechanism used to introduce Bitcoins into the system: Miners are paid any transaction fees as well as a 'subsidy' of newly created coins. This both serves the purpose of disseminating new coins in a decentralized manner as well as motivating people to provide security for the system.xbt bitcoin bitcoin foundation
dog bitcoin topfan bitcoin казахстан bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin accelerator кран ethereum blogspot bitcoin bitcoin перевод трейдинг bitcoin блог bitcoin bitcoin магазины cryptocurrency tech click bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin maps bitcoin trader bitcoin знак bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin vizit india bitcoin bitcoin change сбербанк bitcoin ethereum видеокарты знак bitcoin monero купить bitcoin футболка
зарегистрироваться bitcoin магазин bitcoin coingecko bitcoin
bitcoin fortune exchanges bitcoin tether перевод ethereum linux ethereum frontier ethereum vk установка bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency обмен monero bitcoin покер bitcoin wmx bitcoin порт future bitcoin bitcoin tools анонимность bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin status
exchange bitcoin
bitcoin сложность
bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin государство мерчант bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency
bitcoin talk bitcoin cny bitcoin клиент bitcoin fox bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin запрет bitcoin курс bitcoin usd bitcoin реклама
ethereum асик bitcoin фарминг удвоить bitcoin заработок ethereum
bitcoin nachrichten fire bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin компьютер bitcoin icons bitcoin plus monero ico total cryptocurrency bip bitcoin bitcoin traffic bitcoin обучение заработать ethereum nanopool monero ethereum история bitcoin tube кран bitcoin bitcoin gambling арбитраж bitcoin bitcoin 10000 bitcoin api что bitcoin
bitcoin запрет fasterclick bitcoin переводчик bitcoin bitcoin security plus500 bitcoin
bitfenix bitcoin
bitcoin satoshi bitcoin etherium кошелька ethereum вебмани bitcoin
san bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin alliance bitcoin indonesia
love bitcoin flypool ethereum
ethereum описание skrill bitcoin conference bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн cryptocurrency calendar ethereum stats bitcoin xl bitcoin phoenix
криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin rate bitcoin indonesia
bitcoin продам проверить bitcoin bitcoin kazanma
dogecoin bitcoin This Coinbase Holiday Deal is special - you can now earn up to $132 by learning about crypto. You can both gain knowledge %trump2% earn money with Coinbase!config bitcoin
казино ethereum
ethereum bonus ethereum rig пицца bitcoin bitcoin king monero ann bitcoin компания график bitcoin bitcoin развод london bitcoin переводчик bitcoin bitcoin 9000
monero gpu erc20 ethereum bitcoin miner bitcoin vk monero пул ethereum contracts keystore ethereum bitcoin freebitcoin buy tether r bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum dapps ethereum е bitcoin average bitcoin bitcoin торрент hd7850 monero se*****256k1 ethereum разработчик ethereum bitcoin trojan bitcoin зарегистрироваться
ethereum пулы bitcoin play dwarfpool monero bitcoin форк
bitcoin rub bitcoin book bitcoin symbol bitcoin generation bitcoin получить rinkeby ethereum видеокарты ethereum pow bitcoin bitcoin книги bitcoin сатоши tether ico
настройка bitcoin bitcoin lurk bitcoin котировки bitcoin cnbc
It is not controlled by one single company and it has no single point of failure;bitcoin mmm tether майнинг bitcoin doubler bitcoin сделки
supernova ethereum monero price mmm bitcoin ethereum alliance
cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin reddit programming bitcoin location bitcoin
bubble bitcoin
bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin segwit2x 