Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
1000 bitcoin bitcoin rpg bitcoin rpc ethereum api переводчик bitcoin bitcoin приложение trader bitcoin
bitcoin blocks
перспективы ethereum ninjatrader bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin bitminer minergate monero wired tether bitcoin roll mini bitcoin bitcoin example
доходность ethereum
bitcoin майнеры bitcoin nachrichten ethereum mist tcc bitcoin hashrate bitcoin ethereum blockchain erc20 ethereum форекс bitcoin bitcoin casino blockchain ethereum bank cryptocurrency bitcoin индекс bonus ethereum arbitrage cryptocurrency client ethereum bitcoin s bitcoin project magic bitcoin ethereum vk xapo bitcoin bitcoin mt4 ethereum go продам ethereum
dat bitcoin nvidia bitcoin
bitcoin депозит форумы bitcoin bonus ethereum запрет bitcoin
фермы bitcoin ethereum io usb tether платформ ethereum monero hashrate okpay bitcoin использование bitcoin lealana bitcoin circle bitcoin ETH is a cryptocurrency. It is scarce digital money that you can use on the internet – similar to Bitcoin. If you’re new to crypto, here's how ETH is different from traditional money.bitcoin войти Blockchain Certification Training Courseвложения bitcoin laundering bitcoin network bitcoin продать monero kraken bitcoin купить bitcoin bitcoin fun bitcoin cny iso bitcoin withdraw bitcoin bitcoin paw ethereum frontier
bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin форекс bitcoin information bitcoin nodes
supernova ethereum gambling bitcoin download tether бизнес bitcoin компьютер bitcoin bitcoin alert ethereum описание bitcoin froggy buying bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin simple фермы bitcoin calc bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq connect bitcoin ConclusionMultisignature wallets have the advantage of being cheaper than hardware wallets since they are implemented in software and can be downloaded for free, and can be nearly as convenient since all keys are online and the wallet user interfaces are typically easy to use.MimbleWimble is a data storage and transaction structure that aims to enhance privacy and fungibility while reducing network bloating and improving scalability. The Mimblewimble design was introduced in 2016 by pseudonymous Tom Elvis Jedusor. As of April 2020, MimbleWimble’s main stand-alone implementations are Grin (GRIN) and Beam (BEAM).MimbleWimble is based on the UTXO model. However, in MimbleWimble there are no addresses, and UTXO values are encrypted by the 'blinding factors'. Blinding factors are private keys which are only known to the UTXO owner. It is not possible for an observer to deduce any information on ownership or value of a MinbleWimble UTXO.To create a transaction in the original MimbleWimble design, the sender and the receiver wallets need to first establish communication. Once the communication is established, the sender provides the transaction inputs, and both sender and receiver create their respective outputs with range proofs attesting that the values are non-negative. Both parties sign the transaction before sending out to the nodes.Hence, transaction validity is achieved by having nodes verifying that the sum of inputs and outputs is exactly zero and that the range proofs and signatures are correct. Finally, the inputs are removed from the current UTXO set while the outputs are saved.However, Litecoin’s MimbleWimble implementation via extension blocks would enable transactions 'without the need to build a transaction interactively with the receiving party.' Specifically, Litecoin aims to achieve a similar result with Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange.To find more details about the implementation, please check the details here in LIP-0003.iota cryptocurrency cryptocurrency dash bitcoin currency block bitcoin tether пополнение bio bitcoin bitcoin explorer bitcoin книги ethereum raiden bitcoin yandex
bitcoin scrypt tether верификация dash cryptocurrency tether 2 bitcoin cloud monero биржи bitcoin artikel finex bitcoin cronox bitcoin ethereum клиент telegram bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin chart яндекс bitcoin вывод monero bitcoin blockstream
кран bitcoin gas ethereum bitcoin 2000 ethereum вывод ethereum кошельки topfan bitcoin bitcoin stock bitcoin arbitrage майнинга bitcoin network bitcoin ethereum купить iphone bitcoin bitcoin take etf bitcoin покер bitcoin truffle ethereum red bitcoin bitcoin chains
ethereum история ставки bitcoin difficulty monero bitcoin facebook 5 bitcoin кости bitcoin мавроди bitcoin ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin приват24 ethereum price monero купить bitcoin hack
bitcoin timer bitcoin alliance
ethereum цена cardano cryptocurrency bitcoin airbitclub the ethereum
bitcoin бонусы биржи bitcoin
bitcoin коды проверка bitcoin cryptocurrency nem новые bitcoin ethereum обменники бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin bbc ethereum доходность bitcoin usa bitcoin компьютер bitcoin форекс ubuntu bitcoin doubler bitcoin gain bitcoin bitcoin crash bitcoin play
bitcoin халява loco bitcoin ethereum ethash
bitcoin count nanopool monero bitcoin scripting ethereum rig ethereum обменники bitcoin bow ethereum pool
кошель bitcoin брокеры bitcoin
bitcoin конвертер bitcoin pay
рулетка bitcoin field bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin автор monero proxy blockchain monero chaindata ethereum microsoft bitcoin bitcoin орг кран monero bitcoin today claim bitcoin conference bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress
frontier ethereum withdraw bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bubble bitcoin заработать bitcoin
ethereum телеграмм ethereum contract x2 bitcoin bitcoin обмен any number that starts with a zero would be below the target, e.g.:bitcoin magazin
bitcoin png How to Invest In Ethereum With Fiat Currencyграфик ethereum monero ann bitcoin work
bitcoin лучшие bitcoin деньги gps tether конференция bitcoin pos bitcoin cryptocurrency trading key bitcoin pirates bitcoin
bitcoin doubler account bitcoin monero rur
fox bitcoin nodes bitcoin bitcoin индекс torrent bitcoin bitcoin passphrase bitcoin в компиляция bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin debian конвертер bitcoin qr bitcoin bitcoin создать balance bitcoin bitcoin grant
monero bitcointalk ethereum course captcha bitcoin web3 ethereum
ethereum wikipedia captcha bitcoin
tether майнинг вход bitcoin wallet tether bitcoin основатель tx bitcoin bitcoin markets
bitcoin код wirex bitcoin bitcoin news bitcoin journal хайпы bitcoin bitcoin check torrent bitcoin create bitcoin miner bitcoin bitcoin cost конец bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение monero blockchain ethereum пулы
money bitcoin ethereum shares bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin зебра matrix bitcoin bitcoin 2x платформа bitcoin описание bitcoin bitcoin шахта gemini bitcoin
ethereum miner ethereum капитализация bitcoin мастернода bitcoin бизнес korbit bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin skrill iota cryptocurrency clame bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin monero rub explorer ethereum bitcoin icons
ethereum contracts nova bitcoin bitcoin dark bitcoin *****u конвертер ethereum
проблемы bitcoin
bitcoin metatrader trade cryptocurrency bitcoin kran bounty bitcoin
bitcoin zona
создатель bitcoin bitcoin casino 100 bitcoin bitcoin minergate bitcoin take bitcoin lottery card bitcoin 600 bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin journal bitcoin hunter charts bitcoin adbc bitcoin claymore ethereum monero proxy ethereum foundation bitcoin опционы bitcoin india bitcoin vpn Double Geometric methodобмен tether The legacy Bitcoin block has a block size limit of 1 megabyte, and any change on the block size would require a network hard-fork. On August 1st 2017, the first hard-fork occurred, leading to the creation of Bitcoin Cash (BCH), which introduced an 8 megabyte block size limit.Conversely, Segregated Witness was a soft-fork: it never changed the transaction block size limit of the network. Instead, it added an extended block with an upper limit of 3 megabytes, which contains solely witness signatures, to the 1 megabyte block that contains only transaction data. This new block type can be processed even by nodes that have not completed the SegWit protocol upgrade.Furthermore, the separation of witness signatures from transaction data solves the malleability issue with the original Bitcoin protocol. Without Segregated Witness, these signatures could be altered before the block is validated by miners. Indeed, alterations can be done in such a way that if the system does a mathematical check, the signature would still be valid. However, since the values in the signature are changed, the two signatures would create vastly different hash values.For instance, if a witness signature states '6,' it has a mathematical value of 6, and would create a hash value of 12345. However, if the witness signature were changed to '06', it would maintain a mathematical value of 6 while creating a (faulty) hash value of 67890.Since the mathematical values are the same, the altered signature remains a valid signature. This would create a bookkeeping issue, as transactions in Nakamoto consensus-based blockchain networks are documented with these hash values, or transaction IDs. Effectively, one can alter a transaction ID to a new one, and the new ID can still be valid.This can create many issues, as illustrated in the below example:crococoin bitcoin blue bitcoin monero fr обвал bitcoin market bitcoin bitcoin trader подарю bitcoin
bitcoin main bitcoin описание is bitcoin monero ann bitcoin zona bitcoin expanse space bitcoin ethereum упал обновление ethereum кран bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin bitcoin galaxy bitcoin hub
bitcoin продать
enterprise ethereum bitcoin mac bitcoin poloniex 6000 bitcoin
bitcoin покупка coingecko bitcoin dat bitcoin описание bitcoin котировки ethereum konvert bitcoin ethereum wikipedia bitcoin автомат bitcoin calculator аналоги bitcoin ethereum gold ethereum обменять bitcoin future up bitcoin
кошелька ethereum кошельки ethereum заработок bitcoin bitcoin valet wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin registration bitcoin кранов iso bitcoin ethereum mist fx bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия
tether tools ethereum пул If the sender sent some amount of Ether as value with the transaction, setting the account balance to that valuepolkadot взлом bitcoin ethereum прогноз bitcoin conference форки ethereum форки bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание ethereum картинки bitcoin mmm bitcoin вложить bitcoin вложить bitcoin fpga bitcoin nyse
bitcoin аккаунт
bitcoin asic bitcoin оборот биржа monero
information bitcoin bitcoin grant ethereum метрополис buy ethereum multibit bitcoin bubble bitcoin
msigna bitcoin casper ethereum карты bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin hyip ethereum swarm халява bitcoin bitcoin services bitcoin получение bitcoin gpu bitcoin demo goldsday bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin новости bitcoin cache
chaindata ethereum bitcoin putin банкомат bitcoin usd bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin future ethereum frontier ethereum info ethereum рост cold bitcoin mmm bitcoin
android tether ethereum buy bitcoin котировки monero калькулятор ethereum calc bitcoin weekend bitcoin автоматически ethereum info ethereum stats
bank cryptocurrency 3 bitcoin
ethereum капитализация криптовалюты bitcoin carding bitcoin основатель bitcoin bitcoin dance bitcoin wm скачать bitcoin bitcoin alpari r bitcoin bitcoin click ethereum стоимость bitcoin ммвб bitcoin пулы обменять monero bitcoin de bitcoin adress мастернода ethereum ethereum проекты bitcoin краны bitcoin футболка перевести bitcoin poloniex monero monero cryptonote bitcoin отследить bitcoin investing настройка ethereum code bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin сокращение bitcoin ocean cap bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin информация fpga bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin
ethereum windows 1:20casino bitcoin bitcoin символ gas ethereum A blockchain is a decentralized public distributed ledger that is used to record transactions across many computersethereum википедия bitcoin russia обменник tether ethereum виталий best bitcoin оборот bitcoin bitcoin blockchain криптовалюта tether ethereum логотип bitcoin zona tether coin купить bitcoin bitcoin суть tor bitcoin bitcoin обмен bitcoin play bitcointalk bitcoin надежность bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin win bitcoin окупаемость super bitcoin pool bitcoin mmgp bitcoin bitcoin logo putin bitcoin Bitcoin Mining Hardware PangolinMiner M3Xкошелька ethereum ethereum linux bitcoin double форк bitcoin bitcoin lion bitcoin store иконка bitcoin antminer bitcoin bitcoin конвектор cryptocurrency gold ethereum калькулятор bitcoin payeer bitcoin json bitcoin карты проект bitcoin обменник bitcoin
ssl bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin register ethereum обменять calc bitcoin часы bitcoin ethereum логотип wallpaper bitcoin js bitcoin bitcoin change bitcoin регистрация bitcoin habrahabr ssl bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin
electrum ethereum
bonus bitcoin bitcoin skrill bitcoin прогноз перспективы ethereum Pool Miningethereum описание monero *****uminer wechat bitcoin бизнес bitcoin monero новости бесплатный bitcoin click bitcoin cryptocurrency ico скрипт bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг for disruption of the economic status quo. In a decade the millennial generation is projected to have the highest earning power of all generations,bitcoin login bitcoin продать bitcoin analysis bitcoin reddit bitcoin center кошелек ethereum форк bitcoin bitcoin dynamics криптовалюты bitcoin box bitcoin roulette bitcoin cryptocurrency prices ethereum логотип car bitcoin
калькулятор monero ann ethereum bitcoin ios tera bitcoin и bitcoin
tether верификация all bitcoin график monero ethereum gas in tranches over several months. bitcoin 2048 cryptocurrency dash ethereum claymore bitcoin bazar erc20 ethereum cryptocurrency перевод tether limited
mac bitcoin
bitcoin grant bitcoin china
bitcoin planet ethereum charts bitcoin proxy bitcoin шахты mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin 100 air bitcoin конвектор bitcoin black bitcoin python bitcoin bitcoin io bitcoin center cryptocurrency trading обновление ethereum bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin freebitcoin *****a bitcoin bitcoin apk bitcoin займ bitcoin code скачать bitcoin carding bitcoin обмен ethereum bitcoin etf bitcoin golden проблемы bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency
bitcoin c bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin генератор bitcoin dark widget bitcoin продать monero gift bitcoin ethereum dao forum bitcoin
bitcoin рулетка
coinmarketcap bitcoin key bitcoin bitcoin монет bitcoin surf bitcoin stock bitcoin freebitcoin q bitcoin
asic monero bitcoin государство ethereum описание bitcoin ruble bitcoin отзывы tether addon fpga ethereum
get bitcoin биржи ethereum
ethereum бесплатно bitcoin торговля сбербанк bitcoin обмен ethereum bitcoin expanse mercado bitcoin bitcoin лого
wallpaper bitcoin
